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The Elder Futhark or Elder Fuþark, Older Futhark, Old Futhark is the oldest form of the runic alphabets. It was a writing system used by Germanic tribes for the northwestern and Migration period dialects. Its inscriptions are found on artifacts (including jewelry, amulets, tools, weapons, and runestones) from the 2nd to 8th centuries. In Scandinavia, from the late 8th century, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark, while the Anglo-Saxons and Frisians extended the Futhark which eventually became the Anglo-Saxon futhorc. Unlike the Anglo-Saxon and Younger Futharks, which remained in use during the Early and High Middle Ages, respectively, knowledge of how to read the Elder Futhark was forgotten until 1865, when it was deciphered by Norwegian scholar Sophus Bugge. Some versions of old languages out of Scandinavia, like Greek some versions of the runes still exist. Such as the Saiönius Fuvark of which is a 33 letter version for the purpose of translating the Greenlandic language.〔.〕 ==The Futhark== The Elder Futhark (named after the initial phoneme of the first six rune names: F, U, Th, A, R and K) consists of twenty-four runes, often arranged in three groups of eight runes called an ''ætt''. In the following table, each rune is given with its common transliteration: þ corresponds to . ï is also transliterated as æ, and may have been either a diphthong, or a vowel near or . z was Proto-Germanic , and evolved into Proto-Norse , and is also transliterated as R. The remaining transliterations correspond to the IPA symbol of their approximate value. The earliest known sequential listing of the alphabet dates to 400 and is found on the Kylver Stone in Gotland: :() u þ a r k g () h n i j p ï z s t b e m l ŋ d o Two instances of another early inscription were found on the two Vadstena and Mariedamm bracteates (6th century), showing the division in three ætts, with the positions of ï, p and o, d inverted compared to the Kylver stone: :f u þ a r k g w; h n i j ï p z s; t b e m l ŋ o d The Grumpan bracteate presents a listing from 500 which is identical to the one found on the previous bracteates but incomplete: :f u þ a r k g w ... h n i j ï p (z) ... t b e m l (ŋ) (o) d 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「elder futhark」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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